Researchers said that an almost limitless supply of fresh water exists in water vapour above Earth’s oceans yet remains untapped. A new study from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is the first to suggest an investment in new infrastructure capable of harvesting oceanic water vapour as a solution to limited supplies of fresh water in various locations worldwide.
The study, led by civil and environmental engineering professor and Prairie Research Institute executive director Praveen Kumar, evaluated 14 water-stressed locations across the globe for the feasibility of a hypothetical structure capable of capturing water vapour from above the ocean and condensing it into fresh water – and do so in a manner that will remain feasible in the face of continued climate change.
Kumar, graduate student Afeefa Rahman and atmospheric sciences professor Francina Dominguez published their findings in the journal Nature Scientific Reports.
“Water scarcity is a global problem. It hits close to home here in the U.S. regarding the sinking water levels in the Colorado River basin. The Colorado River affects the whole Western U.S.,” Kumar said. “However, in subtropical regions, nearby oceans are continuously evaporating water. That’s because there is enough solar radiation due to the very little cloud coverage throughout the year.”
The researchers said that previous wastewater recycling, cloud seeding, and desalination techniques had met only limited success. Though deployed in some areas across the globe, desalination plants face sustainability issues. That is because of the brine and heavy metal-laden wastewater produced. They produce so much so that California has recently rejected measures to add new desalination plants.
“Eventually, we will need to find a way to increase the supply of freshwater. Conservation and recycled water from existing sources, albeit essential, will not be sufficient to meet human needs. We think our newly proposed method can do that at large scales,” Kumar said.
Analysis indicates new structures could capture fresh water
The researchers performed atmospheric and economic analyses of the placement of hypothetical offshore structures 210 meters in width and 100 meters in height.
Through their analyses, the researchers concluded that capturing moisture over ocean surfaces is feasible for many water-stressed regions worldwide. The estimated water yield of the proposed structures could provide fresh water for large population centres in the subtropics.
One of the more robust projections of climate change is that dry regions will get drier, and wet areas will get wetter. “The current regions experiencing water scarcity will likely be even drier in the future, exacerbating the problem,” Dominguez said. “And unfortunately, people continue moving to water-limited areas, like the Southwestern U.S.”
However, this projection of increasingly arid conditions favours the new ocean vapour-harvesting technology.
“The climate projections show that the oceanic vapour flux will only increase over time. They will provide even more fresh water supply,” Rahman said. “So, the proposed idea will be feasible under climate change. This provides a much-needed and effective approach for adaptation to climate change. They are particularly important to vulnerable populations living in arid and semi-arid regions of the world.”
The researchers said one of the more elegant features of this proposed solution is that it works like the natural water cycle.
“The difference is that we can guide where the evaporated water from the ocean goes,” Dominguez said. “When Praveen approached me with this idea, we both wondered why nobody had thought about it before because it seemed like such an obvious solution. But it hasn’t been done before, and I think it is because researchers are so focused on land-based solutions – but our study shows other options exist.”
The researchers said this study opens the door for novel infrastructure investments to address the increasing global scarcity of fresh water effectively.
The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, the Lovell Professorship in the department of civil and environmental engineering, The University Scholar Program and the National Science Foundation supported this research.
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