Phosphorus is an essential raw material, especially as a fertiliser for agriculture. But in water bodies, it deteriorates the water quality. Since the 1980s, phosphate precipitation has been a core process in municipal wastewater treatment plants.
Phosphorus is bound with salts in the sewage sludge. However, because this raw material is also becoming increasingly scarce, it should be recovered there. This can be achieved, for example, if it is present in bound form as vivianite. Researchers from the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) have investigated which factors promote vivianite formation and thus increase the amount of recoverable phosphorus.
There are many good reasons to recycle phosphorus: Rock phosphates are increasingly contaminated, and supply depends on a few countries. That’s why it has been on the European Union’s list of “critical raw materials” since 2014. The German government also passed the Sewage Sludge Ordinance in 2017. According to it, by 2032, larger plant operators are to ensure that the phosphorus in sewage sludge is recovered.
Precipitation in sewage sludge can produce vivianite—an iron-phosphorus compound from which phosphorus can be easily recycled. “But until now, it wasn’t clear what conditions in sewage treatment plants favour vivianite formation. We are also interested in this for lake restoration, where precipitation of phosphorus from water is also used to reduce nutrient loads and thus improve water quality,” explained IGB researcher Michael Hupfer, who led the study. The team analysed the properties and compositions of sludge samples from 16 wastewater treatment plants and the plants’ process parameters to determine the factors influencing vivianite formation.
High iron content favours vivianite formation—high sulphur content reduces it
High iron content proved to be the most critical factor in favouring vivianite formation. In turn, high sulphur content decreased vivianite formation. “There are sulphur-containing and sulphur-free precipitants. We were able to show by comparison that using sulphur-containing precipitants can increase the sulphur content in the sludge and thus counteract vivianite formation. The choice of precipitant can therefore have a significant influence on phosphorus recycling,” said IGB doctoral student Lena Heinrich, lead author of the study.
Adjusting the conditions can make a difference: In the 16 wastewater treatment plants, the proportion of phosphorus bound in vivianite varied from around 10% to as much as 50%. This range shows the great potential to increase the yield of vivianite.
“For us as aquatic ecologists, the findings are significant. Iron-containing precipitants can also be considered for restoring eutrophic lakes or polluted with nutrients. The efficiency of an iron salt addition is much greater if it results in the formation of stable vivianite in the sediment, which is then—perhaps one day—also available for the recovery of phosphorus,” said Hupfer.
The study appears in Science of The Total Environment.
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