High and low-tech ways to tackle Indian water crisis

The Indian water crisis continues to grow. A wide range of water management methods is being implemented to try and solve this across many areas.

Chaya Badushi lives in the village of Kerawadi, 120 miles (190km) from the bustling streets of India’s financial capital Mumbai, but in terms of lifestyle – a different world.

Badushi makes a four-hour round trip with other women from the village to collect water from a river. That task is done twice daily, once at 06:00 and again at 15:00.

“In summers, the heat is so bad that many of us have fainted while getting water,” said Badushi.

“I have a constant headache, backache, my hands hurt because of carrying water. It’s worse for senior citizens like my mother-in-law, who is more than 60 years and has to struggle with me to get water.”

The exhausting task has a knock-on effect on the local community. Young women are increasingly reluctant to spend their lives hauling water, so they prefer not to marry men from the village. That leaves many men struggling to find a wife.

“There are so many men in our village who are not getting wives just because of basic necessities,” said Badushi.

Her story is common in rural India. Despite recent improvements, around half of rural households still lack a tap water connection, according to government figures.

Water is not only a problem for households. Ensuring there is enough water for farming and industry is also a massive challenge.

Indian water crisis makes country water-stressed

According to official reports, India has around 17% of the world’s population but just 4% of the world’s freshwater resources.

That makes it one of the most water-stressed countries on the planet and raises questions over the future of food production.

About 74 per cent of the area under wheat cultivation and 65 per cent of the area under rice cultivation will face significant levels of water scarcity by 2030, according to a 2019 report from the public policy think tank NITI Aayog.

Planning India’s water budget is made difficult by the monsoon. Around 80% of the annual rainfall falls between June and September. During those months, the heaviest rain lasts for about 25 days.

That means around a seventh of the country is prone to flooding during the most intense periods of rain.

“The problem of water scarcity in India is mostly associated with improper management of the available resources,” said Avinash Mishra, who advises the think tank NITI Aayog on water issues.

“We use and discharge untreated water in open channels and freshwater bodies, leading to the pollution of freshwater,” said Mishra.

Reserves of water underground, known as groundwater, are also being over-exploited.

“Many regions in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and Karnataka abstract more water than their annual replenishment,” said Mishra.

One way to tackle the problem is at the national level, with better data.

The Ministry of Jal Shakti, the government department that oversees water resources has been working with the World Bank on National Hydrology Projects (NHP).

National schemes not solving Indian water crisis

There have been two national schemes since the mid-1990s. The government is now in the middle of the third, due to be completed in March 2024.

The first two projects attempted to install measuring systems and bring together data about India’s water resources. But according to Subhod Yadav, joint secretary of the Jal Shakti Board, the projects had their limitations.

He said much of the data had to be collected by individuals and then fed into the system manually. Meanwhile, that data was not available to everyone. It was analysed by individual government departments and was not presented in a useful way.

Hydrology projects hope to solve Indian water crisis

The latest hydrology project is an attempt to remedy those weaknesses.

Around 6,000 sensors are being installed across India to gather data on lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Another 1,600 sensors will track underground water. All will be connected to the mobile phone network and transmit real-time data, including water levels and weather conditions such as rainfall, humidity and air pressure.

That data will be available on one centralised, web-based system so anyone can use it. Meanwhile, software is being developed to analyse that data and make it useful to decision-makers.

“NHP is… moving away from the current system of decision making based on experience and judgements,” said Yadav.

“Improved water management is being attempted through the introduction of informed decision making, relying on a host of modern analytical tools and loads of data from automated sensors on each component of the water cycle in real-time or near real-time,” said Yadav.

Local projects are also vital

As well as these technology-driven national projects, much is being done locally to collect and preserve water.

Megha Dombe from Pachvad village, Maharashtra, used to spend six hours a day fetching enough water for her family.

“Rainfall in this area is uneven, uncertain and irregular. The worst was being a child mother. It was a nightmare,” said Dombe.

But two years ago, along with other local women, she began to work with Coro India, a charity that promotes equality for India’s most marginalised communities.

Together they pushed a range of initiatives.

A committee was formed to study water scarcity. Villagers were taught to harvest rainwater and use more efficient crop irrigation systems.

Grants were secured from the local government for water projects.

“Such things required the support of local men and youngsters. We had a tedious job of convincing them. The process itself took us months,” said Dombe.

But the work paid off. “What was once a water-scarce village now has sufficient water,” said Megha.

Marcella D’Souza from the Watershed Organisation Trust said such local projects are the key to managing India’s water resources.

“The water situation is complex, and no single agency can handle it alone,” said D’Souza.

“It is the responsibility of the local community and gram panchayats [village councils] to share the resources, to work together to protect their precious water resource. They need to be empowered with the knowledge to make informed decisions.”